Chapter 1
Tell Me About It
Expressing Feeling
• Expressing surprise
No, I don’t believe it.
Are you serious?
Are you joking?
Are you kidding?
You must be joking.
Oh no. That’s not true.
• Expressing warning
Informative notices :
Out of order
No vacancies
Sold out
• Do this :
Please queue other side.
Keep right.
• Don’t do this :
No smoking
No littering
No parking
No exit
Silence. Examination in progress
Don’t leave bags unattended
• Watch out :
Watch your head
Fragile
Watch your step
Beware of pickpockets
Watch out. The train is coming
Look out behind you
• Advice :
Take good care of yourself
Be careful
Take care, please
Advicing
• Asking for advice :
Do you think I ought to call the police?
What do you think I should buy him for his birthday?
Do you have any ideas about how can I sell my car?
Should I try to talk with him about this matter again?
If you were me, what would you tell her?
• Offering advice :
I think you’d better start looking for a new job
If i were you, I’d stop writing her
It would probably be a good idea to send this mail by express mail
Why don’t you try calling her tonight?
How about taking the bus instead of driving?
Expressing permission
• Asking permission
Can I close the window please?
Please let me have the car tonight
Do you mind if I smoke?
May I close the door, please?
• Giving permission
Sure, go ahead
It’s okay with me
No, I don’t mind
Why not?
• Denying permission
You can’t
No, you may not
Yes, I do mind
I don’t think so
Linking verb
These verbs belong to linking verbs.
Is are have
Has get look
Resemble appear belong
Example :
1. Whales are mammals.
2. A spider has eight legs.
Tecnical terms
Technical terms are nouns which are often used in a report text.
Example :
1. Computers have many functions that help us a lot in an office.
2. Do you know how many genus of birds there are in the world?
Report
Purpose : To describe the way things are such as a man, made thing, animals and
plants.
Structure : General classification
Identification
Language features : The use of general nouns.
The use of relating verbs.
The use of present tenses.
The use of technical terms.
Chapter 2
Telling Stories (I)
Conditionals
Conditionals are statements with if or unless. You can use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its result. There are two kinds of conditionals : real / factual conditionals and unreal contrary to fact conditionals.
1. Factual conditionals
When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use this type of conditional.
If + S + V (present) , S + will + V1 + O
Example :
If I see her, I will buy her some books
2. Unreal conditional
When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely to happen, you use this type of conditional.
If + S + V (past), S + would + V1 + O
Example :
If I were a teacher, I would punish her.
Expressing relief, pain, pleasure and scared
• Expressing relief
Good for you
I’m glad it’s done
What a relief!
I feel so relieved
It’s very relaxing
• Expressing pain
Ouch! That hurts!
Ah! What is it?
Aw! The pain hirts me very much
It’s very painful. I can’t stand it.
Ouch! Stop pinching me
• Expressing pleasure
It’s good news
I’m very delighted
Great!
Oh, it’s wonderful!
Fantastic!
• Expressing scared
I’m scared
You scare me
It’s frightening
It’s horrible
The fear is creeping into my heart
Conjunctions
Type of conjuction Examples
Time After, since, while, before, when, s
Result So, so that
Contrast Although, though, while
Reason As, because, in case, for
Purpose So that, in order that
Manner As, as if, as though
Relative Clauses
1. Using relative pronouns : who, whose, whom, which, that
Example :
Helen is the girl. I met her at the party last night.
Helen is a girl whom I met at the party last night.
2. Using words like when and where
Example :
This is the shop. I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
This is the shop where I bought several postcards yesterday.
3. By leaving out some words or changing them into present participle
Example :
Mr. Smith lives in a little cottage. It is near the beach.
Mr. Smith lives in a little cottage near the beach.
Narrative
Purpose : To amuse or entertain
To deal with actual /
imaginative experiences in different ways
Structure : Orientation
Complication
Resolution
Language features : Focus on specific
and individualized participants
The use of
material process
The use of past
tense
Chapter 3
Figuring Out a Conclusion
Expressing opinions and expressing agreement and disagreement
• Asking other people’s opinions :
What do you think of...
Do you have any idea?
How do you like...?
What’s your opinion?
• Expressing opinions :
In my opinion...
I personally believe..
To my mind...
As I see it...
• Saying that you agree :
Yes, I agree with you
I think so too
Yes, I suppose so
I absolutely agree
• Saying that you do not agree :
We will never agree
Not at all
I disagree
I think that’s nonsense
• Saying that you do not agree politely :
I see your point, but...
Yes, may be, but...
Do you think so?
I don’t think so
• Making a conclusion
To conclude we state that...
From the statement we can conclude...
On this basis, we agree that...
Expressing satisfaction and dissatifaction
• Asking about satisfaction / dissatisfaction
Are you satisfied?
Is everything O.K?
Is everything satisfactory?
• Expressing satisfaction
I really like my new haircut
It wa satisfactory
Good enough
It was okay. Not too bad
• Expressing dissatisfaction
The food was lousy
I don’t like the color
I have acomplaint
• Responding to dissatisfaction
I see
I’ll look into it
I’m sorry to hear that
Transitional words
To show addition :
Again, and, so, besides, further, moreover, next, too , etc.
To give examples :
For instance, for example, in fact, etc.
To summarize or conclude :
All in all, in conclusion, in short, to sum up, etc.
To show time :
After, afterward, as, as soon as, before, during, etc.
To show place :
Above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, here, nearby, etc.
To indicate logical relationship :
Accordingly, as a result, because, hence, etc.
Complex sentences
Examples :
Since Jack wrecked his car, he has had no way to get to work.
The sentence above is called complex sentence. The complex sentence has two parts : independent and dependent clause. The independent clause is a complete thought and can stand as a sentence by itself. The dependent clause can come before or after the independent clause in a complex sentence.
Linking Verbs (Relational process)
Here is a list of relational process
Appear grow stay
Cost sound act
Go look taste
Seem remain weigh
Feel keep indicate
Analytical exposition
Purpose : To persuade by
presenting arguments
To anlyze or explain how and why
General structure : A thesis
Arguments
Reiteration
Language features : Emotive words
Words that qualify
statements
The use of the
present tense
Chapter 4
Telling Stories (II)
Expressing love
• I love you
• I really love you and I always will
• I’ll never stop loving you.
• I truly love you endlessly
Future in the past form expresses an activity that was planned in the future, but it happened in the past time.
Example :
She thought that she would sell the eggs in the market.
• Expressing sorrow and attention
• Expressing sorrow
My heart is burdened
I’m so sad to hear it
I regret having to do this
It brought me a lot of misery
• Expressing attention
It’s amazing
How lucky he is
Why not?
Well, go on
Past Tenses
Past continuous expresses an activity happening at a particular time in the past and expresses an activity that was interrupted.
Example :
While he arrived, I was making some coffee.
Past perfect expresses an activity that happenes before an activity in the past.
Example :
When the mouse came, the hunters had
gone with the lion.
Noun and noun phrases
A phrase is a group of words that do not have subject and predicate. A noun phrase is a phrase that functions as a noun.
To develop nouns into noun phrase :
1. By adding a determiner : a, an, the, some, your, many, more, etc.
2. By adding adjectives : good, bad, long, short, etc.
3. By adding a present participle : opening, walking, running, sleeping, etc.
4. By adding past participle : spoken, written, made, crooked, etc.
5. By adding a noun : bus, TV, arm, potato, etc.
6. By adding a preposition : in, on ,at, of, etc.
7. By adding an infinitive : to read, to cover, to send, etc.
8. By adding a WH clause : who, which, whose, etc.
Adverbs
Words that modify verbs are called adverbs.
Example :
She runs quickly.
Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to an adjective
Examples :
Slow = slowly
Quick = quickly
Calm = calmly
Adverbs of manner : well, quickly, early, badly, hard, late, slowly, etc.
Adverbs of place : at home, there, here, at the station, etc.
Adverbs of time : yesterday, last night, two days ago, etc.
Narratives
Purpose : To entertain the reader with a story that deals with complication events which lead to a crisis and in turn finds a resolution.
General structure : Orientation
Complication
Resolution
Reorientation
Language features : Nouns
Pronouns
Noun phrase
Adverbial clauses
Action verbs
Chapter 5
Telling Funny Story
Expressing embarrassment and anger
• Expressing embarrassment
I was so ashamed
How embarrassing
Tell me it did not happen
Tell me it never happened
• Asking if someone is angry
What happened?
Did I insult you?
Wah’s the matter?
Are you angry with me?
• Expressing anger
You’re getting me angry.
You burn me up.
You turkey!
Oh, hell!
• Calming someone down
Take it easy
Relax
Calm down
Take it slow
Past continuous tense
S + was/were + present participle (V-ing form)
Examples :
I was going home.
You were not working.
Was she going home?
Functions :
1. Past continuous tense is used to express an activity happenung at a particular time in the past.
Example :
What were you doing at 8 o’clock last night?
2. Past continuous is used to express an activity that is interrupted
Example :
While I was having a bath, the phone rang.
Spoof
Purpose : To tell event with a humorous twist.
General structure : Orientation
Events
Twist
Language features : The use of action verbs
The use of connectives
The use of adverbial phrases
Chapter 6
It Should Be Like This
Expressing attitudes
• Expressing justification
That’s why..
You see..
So..
Because..
• Expressing thinking expressions
Now, let me think,,
Let me see..
I’ll have to think about that
• Expressing speculation
Maybe..
I guess..
Perhaps..
I suppose..
• Expressing agreement
I agree
Right
Certainly
I agree to do so
• Expressing disagreement
No way
No deal
I refuse
I don’t agree
Expressing annoyance
• Expressing annoyance
I really hate..
It irritates me
Oh dear!
I need a break
• Reducing someone’s annoyance
Relax
Take it slow
Control yourself
Take it easy
Modal verbs
The words can, should, may, must, etc are called modal verbs. Modal verbs are commonly used in argumentative writings to show certainty of conclusion.
Certainty of conclusion Modal verbs Statement of claim
strong Is,will, can, must, always, etc It is certain that...
moderate Should, can, rarely, often, etc It appears probable..
tentative May, could, seldom, maybe,etc Conceivably..
Hortatory exposition
Purpose : To persuade the reaader or listener that something should or not
should be the case.
General structure : Thesis
Arguments
Recommendations
Languange features : The use of emotive words
The use of present tense
The use of modal and adverbs
TENSES
1.simple present (+)S+V1(s/es)+O Passive (+)S+to be(is,am,are)+V3+O
() S+do+not+V1+O (-)S+to be+not+V3+O
(?) Do+S+V1+O+? (?)To be+S+V3+O+?
2.simple past (+)S+V2+O Passive (+)S+to be(was,were)+V3+O
() S+did+not+V1+O (-)S+to be+not+V3+O
(?) Did+S+V1+O+? (?)To be+S+V3+O+?
3.present (+)S+to be+Ving Passive (+)S+to be+being+V3+O
continous () S+to be+not+Ving (-)S+to be+not+being+V3+O
(?) To be+S+Ving+O+? (?)To be+S+being+V3+O+?
4.past (+)S+to be+Ving Passive (+)S+to be+being+V3+O
continous () S+to be+not+Ving (-)S+to be+not+ being +V3+O
(?) To be+S+Ving+O+? (?)To be+S+ being +V3+O+?
5.present (+)S+have/has+V3+O Passive (+)S+have/has+been+V3+O
Perfect () S+have/has+not+V3+O (-)S+have/has+not+V3+O
(?) have/has+S+V3+O+? (?)have/has+S+V3+O+?
6.past (+)S+had+V3+O Passive (+)S+had+been+V3+O
Perfect () S+had+not+V3+O (-)S+had+not+been+V3+O
(?) Had+S+V3+O+? (?)had+been+S+V3+O+?
7.future (+)S+will+V1+O Passive (+)S+will+be+V3+O
() S+will+not+V1+O (-)S+will+not+be+V3+O
(?) Will+S+V1+O+? (?)will+S+be+V3+O+?
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