Multimedia Teknologi Informasi

Format berkas audio

Mentah

• PCM
• WAV (Waveform Audio Format)
• AIFF
• AU
• BWF

Kompres tak mengurangi kualitas

• FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
• WavPack
• Monkey's Audio (filename extension APE)
• WavPack (filename extension WV)
• Shorten
• Tom's lossless Audio Kompressor (TAK)
• TTA
• ATRAC Advanced Lossless
• Apple Lossless (ALAC)
• lossless Windows Media Audio (WMA)

Kompres

• MP3
• Vorbis (OGG)
• Musepack (MPC)
• ATRAC
• lossy Windows Media Audio (WMA)
• AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
• RAW
• mid (MIDI)
• gsm
• dct
• vox
• mp4/m4a(MPEG-4)
• mmf (Samsung)
• ra (Real Audio)
• ram (Real Audio)
• dss (Digital Speech Standard)
• msv (Sony)
• dvf (Sony)
• IVS
• m4p (Apple)
• iklax
• mxp4
• Sony atrac (.wav), untuk membukanya perlu driver ATRAC3

Untuk Format video, berikut tabelnya:

Extension	File Description		Popularity
.3g2	3GPP2 Multimedia File		Very Common
.3gp	3GPP Multimedia File		Very Common
.3gp2	3GPP Multimedia File		Average
.3gpp	3GPP Media File		Average
.3gpp2	3GPP2 Multimedia File		Uncommon
.3mm	3D Movie Maker Movie Project		Average
.3p2	3GPP Multimedia File		Average
.60d	CCTV Video Clip		Uncommon
.aep	After Effects Project		Average
.ajp	CCTV Video File		Average
.amv	Anime Music Video File		Average
.amx	Adobe Motion Exchange File		Average
.arf	WebEx Advanced Recording File		Average
.asf	Advanced Systems Format File		Very Common
.asx	Microsoft ASF Redirector File		Very Common
.avb	Avid Bin File		Average
.avd	Movie Edit Pro Video Information File		Uncommon
.avi	Audio Video Interleave File		Very Common
.avs	AviSynth Script File		Average
.avs	Application Visualization System File		Average
.axm	AXMEDIS Object		Average
.bdm	AVHCD Information File		Average
.bdmv	Blu-ray Disc Movie Information File		Average
.bik	BINK Video File		Average
.bin	Binary Video File		Average
.bix	Kodicom Video File		Average
.bmk	PowerDVD MovieMark File		Average
.box	Kodicom Video		Average
.bs4	Mikogo Session Video Recording		Uncommon
.bsf	Blu-ray AVC Video File		Average
.byu	Brigham Young University Movie		Average
.camrec	Camtasia Studio Screen Recording		Average
.clpi	Blu-ray Clip Information File		Average
.cpi	AVCHD Video Clip Information File		Common
.cvc	cVideo		Average
.d2v	DVD2AVI File		Average
.d3v	Datel Video File		Average
.dat	VCD Video File		Average
.dav	DVR365 Video File		Uncommon
.dce	DriveCam Video		Average
.dck	Resolume Deck File		Average
.ddat	DivX Temporary Video File		Uncommon
.dif	Digital Interface Format		Uncommon
.dir	Adobe Director Movie		Average
.divx	DivX-Encoded Movie File		Common
.dlx	Sony VDU Video File		Uncommon
.dmb	Digital Multimedia Broadcasting File		Average
.dmsm	VideoWave Movie Project File		Common
.dmss	VideoWave SlideShow Project File		Average
.dnc	Windows Dancer File		Uncommon
.dpg	Nintendo DS Movie File		Average
.dream	Dream Animated Wallpaper File		Common
.dsy	Besta Video File		Rare
.dv	Digital Video File		Average
.dv4	Bosch Security Systems CCTV Video File		Uncommon
.dvdmedia	RipIt DVD Package		Common
.dvr-ms	Microsoft Digital Video Recording		Common
.dvx	DivX Video File		Average
.dxr	Protected Macromedia Director Movie		Average
.evo	HD DVD Video File		Average
.eye	Eyemail Video Recording File		Average
.f4v	Flash MP4 Video File		Common
.fbr	FlashBack Screen Recording		Common
.fbr	Mercury Screen Recording		Uncommon
.fbz	FlashBack Screen Recorder Movie		Average
.fcp	Final Cut Project		Average
.flc	FLIC Animation		Average
.flh	FLIC Animation File		Average
.fli	FLIC Animation		Average
.flv	Flash Video File		Very Common
.flx	FLIC Animation		Average
.gl	GRASP Animation		Average
.grasp	GRASP Animation		Average
.gts	CaptiveWorks PVR Video File		Average
.gvi	Google Video File		Rare
.gvp	Google Video Pointer		Uncommon
.hdmov	QuickTime HD Movie File		Common
.hkm	Havok Movie File		Average
.ifo	DVD-Video Disc Information File		Average
.imovieproj	iMovie Project File		Average
.imovieproject	iMovie Project		Average
.iva	Surveillance Video File		Uncommon
.ivf	Indeo Video Format File		Average
.ivr	Internet Video Recording		Average
.ivs	Internet Streaming Video		Average
.izz	Isadora Media Control Project		Average
.izzy	Isadora Project		Average
.jts	Cyberlink AVCHD Video File		Average
.lsf	Streaming Media Format		Average
.lsx	Streaming Media Shortcut		Uncommon
.m15	MPEG Video		Rare
.m1pg	iFinish Video Clip		Average
.m1v	MPEG-1 Video File		Uncommon
.m21	MPEG-21 File		Average
.m21	AXMEDIS MPEG-21 File		Average
.m2a	MPEG-1 Layer 2 Audio File		Uncommon
.m2p	MPEG-2 Program Stream File		Common
.m2t	HDV Video File		Average
.m2ts	Blu-ray BDAV Video File		Average
.m2v	MPEG-2 Video		Average
.m4e	MPEG-4 Video File		Rare
.m4u	MPEG-4 Playlist		Average
.m4v	iTunes Video File		Common
.m75	MPEG Video		Rare
.meta	RealPlayer Metafile		Uncommon
.mgv	PSP Video File		Average
.mj2	Motion JPEG 2000 Video Clip		Average
.mjp	MJPEG Video File		Average
.mjpg	Motion JPEG Video File		Uncommon
.mkv	Matroska Video File		Common
.mmv	MicroMV Video File		Rare
.mnv	PlayStation Movie File		Average
.mod	JVC Recorded Video File		Rare
.modd	Sony Video Analysis File		Uncommon
.moff	Sony Video Analysis Index File		Uncommon
.moi	MOI Video File		Common
.moov	Apple QuickTime Movie		Uncommon
.mov	Apple QuickTime Movie		Very Common
.movie	QuickTime Movie File		Uncommon
.mp21	MPEG-21 Multimedia File		Average
.mp21	AXMEDIS MPEG-21 Object		Average
.mp2v	MPEG-2 Video File		Uncommon
.mp4	MPEG-4 Video File		Very Common
.mp4v	MPEG-4 Video		Uncommon
.mpe	MPEG Movie File		Uncommon
.mpeg	MPEG Movie		Common
.mpeg4	MPEG-4 File		Rare
.mpf	MainActor Project File		Rare
.mpg	MPEG Video File		Very Common
.mpg2	MPEG-2 Video File		Rare
.mpgindex	Adobe MPEG Index File		Average
.mpl	AVCHD Playlist File		Average
.mpls	Blu-ray Movie Playlist File		Average
.mpv	MPEG Elementary Stream Video File		Average
.mpv2	MPEG-2 Video Stream		Rare
.mqv	Sony Movie Format File		Average
.msdvd	Windows DVD Maker Project File		Average
.msh	Visual Communicator Project File		Average
.mswmm	Windows Movie Maker Project		Average
.mts	AVCHD Video File		Common
.mtv	MTV Video Format File		Average
.mvb	Multimedia Viewer Book Source File		Average
.mvc	Movie Collector Catalog		Uncommon
.mvd	Movie Edit Pro Movie File		Average
.mve	Infinity Engine Movie File		Average
.mvp	Movie Edit Pro Video Project File		Uncommon
.mxf	Material Exchange Format File		Common
.mys	Vineyard Captured Video File		Uncommon
.ncor	Adobe Encore Project File		Average
.nsv	Nullsoft Streaming Video File		Average
.nvc	NeroVision Express Project File		Average
.ogm	Ogg Media File		Common
.ogv	Ogg Vorbis Video File		Average
.ogx	Ogg Vorbis Multiplexed Media File		Average
.par	Dedicated Micros DVR Recording		Uncommon
.pds	PowerDirector Project File		Average
.pgi	Video Recording File		Average
.piv	Pivot Stickfigure Animation		Average
.playlist	CyberLink PowerDVD Playlist		Average
.pmf	PSP Movie File		Average
.prel	Premiere Elements Project File		Average
.pro	ProPresenter Export File		Average
.prproj	Premiere Pro Project		Average
.psh	Photodex Slide Show		Common
.pva	PVA Video File		Uncommon
.pvr	Wintal PVR Video File		Uncommon
.pxv	Pixbend Media File		Average
.qt	Apple QuickTime Movie		Uncommon
.qtch	QuickTime Cache File		Average
.qtl	QuickTime Link File		Average
.qtm	Apple QuickTime Movie File		Uncommon
.qtz	Quartz Composer File		Average
.rcproject	iMovie '08 Project		Common
.rdb	Wavelet Video Images File		Average
.rec	Topfield PVR Recording		Average
.rm	Real Media File		Very Common
.rms	Secure Real Media File		Average
.rmvb	RealMedia Variable Bit Rate File		Common
.roq	Id Software Game Video		Average
.rp	RealPix Clip		Average
.rts	RealPlayer Streaming Media		Average
.rts	QuickTime Real-Time Streaming Format		Average
.rum	Bink Video Subtitle File		Average
.rv	Real Video File		Average
.sbk	SWiSH Project Backup File		Average
.sbt	SBT Subtitle File		Uncommon
.scm	ScreenCam Screen Recording		Common
.scm	Super Chain Media File		Rare
.scn	Pinnacle Studio Scene File		Uncommon
.sfvidcap	Sonic Foundry Video Capture File		Average
.smi	SMIL Presentation		Average
.smil	SMIL Presentation File		Common
.smk	Smacker Compressed Movie File		Average
.sml	SMIL Slideshow Presentation		Uncommon
.smv	VideoLink Mail Video File		Uncommon
.spl	FutureSplash Animation		Average
.srt	SubRip Subtitle File		Common
.ssm	Standard Streaming Metafile		Average
.str	PlayStation Video Stream		Uncommon
.stx	Pinnacle Studio Project File		Common
.svi	Samsung Video File		Average
.swf	Flash Movie		Very Common
.swi	SWiSH Project File		Average
.swt	Flash Generator Template		Average
.tda3mt	DivX Author Template File		Average
.tivo	TiVo Video File		Average
.tix	DivX Video Download Activation File		Common
.tod	JVC Everio Video Capture File		Average
.tp	Beyond TV Transport Stream File		Average
.tp0	Mascom PVR Video File		Average
.tpd	Cyberlink TOD Video File		Average
.tpr	TMPGEnc Project File		Average
.trp	HD Video Transport Stream		Average
.ts	Video Transport Stream File		Common
.tvs	TeamViewer Video Session File		Average
.vc1	VC-1 Video File		Average
.vcr	ATI Video Card Recording		Uncommon
.vcv	ViewCave Video File		Average
.vdo	VDOLive Media File		Average
.vdr	VirtualDub Signpost File		Average
.veg	Vegas Video Project		Average
.vem	Meta Media Video E-Mail File		Uncommon
.vf	Vegas Movie Studio Project File		Average
.vfw	Video for Windows		Uncommon
.vfz	Creative Webcam Video Effects File		Average
.vgz	DigitalVDO Compressed Video File		Average
.vid	Generic Video File		Average
.viewlet	Qarbon Viewlet		Average
.viv	VivoActive Video File		Average
.vivo	VivoActive Video File		Average
.vlab	VisionLab Studio Project File		Average
.vob	DVD Video Object File		Very Common
.vp3	On2 Streaming Video File		Rare
.vp6	TrueMotion VP6 Video File		Average
.vp7	TrueMotion VP7 Video File		Average
.vro	DVD Video Recording Format		Common
.vsp	VideoStudio Project File		Average
.w32	WinCAPs Subtitle File		Average
.wcp	WinDVD Creator Project File		Average
.wm	Windows Media File		Average
.wmd	Windows Media Download Package		Average
.wmmp	Windows Movie Maker Project File		Average
.wmv	Windows Media Video File		Very Common
.wmx	Windows Media Redirector		Average
.wp3	Microsoft Photo Story Project File		Average
.wpl	Windows Media Player Playlist		Average
.wtv	Windows Media Center Video File		Common
.wvx	Windows Media Video Redirector		Average
.xfl	Flash Movie Archive		Average
.xvid	Xvid-Encoded Video File		Common
.yuv	YUV Video File		Common
.zm1	ZSNES Movie #1 File		Average
.zm2	ZSNES Movie #2 File		Average
.zm3	ZSNES Movie #3 File		Average
.zmv	ZSNES Movie File		Average

Gambar/Grafik:

Raster formats

These formats store images as bitmaps (also known as pixmaps). For a description of the technology aside from the format, see Raster graphics.

JPEG/JFIF

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a compression method; JPEG-compressed images are usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) file format. JPEG compression is (in most cases) lossy compression. The JPEG/JFIF filename extension in DOS is JPG (other operating systems may use JPEG). Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG/JFIF format, which supports 8 bits per color (red, green, blue) for a 24-bit total, producing relatively small files. When not too great, the compression does not noticeably detract from the image's quality, but JPEG files suffer generational degradation when repeatedly edited and saved. The JPEG/JFIF format also is used as the image compression algorithm in many Adobe PDF files. JPEG 2000 is a new lossless or lossy format.

Exif

The Exif (Exchangeable image file format) format is a file standard similar to the JFIF format with TIFF extensions; it is incorporated in the JPEG-writing software used in most cameras. Its purpose is to record and to standardize the exchange of images with image metadata between digital cameras and editing and viewing software. The metadata are recorded for individual images and include such things as camera settings, time and date, shutter speed, exposure, image size, compression, name of camera, color information, etc. When images are viewed or edited by image editing software, all of this image information can be displayed.

TIFF

The TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) format is a flexible format that normally saves 8 bits or 16 bits per color (red, green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals, respectively, usually using either the TIFF or TIF filename extension. TIFF's flexibility can be both an advantage and disadvantage, since a reader that reads every type of TIFF file does not exist. TIFFs can be lossy and lossless; some offer relatively good lossless compression for bi-level (black&white) images. Some digital cameras can save in TIFF format, using the LZW compression algorithm for lossless storage. TIFF image format is not widely supported by web browsers. TIFF remains widely accepted as a photograph file standard in the printing business. TIFF can handle device-specific color spaces, such as the CMYK defined by a particular set of printing press inks. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software packages commonly generate some (often monochromatic) form of TIFF image for scanned text pages.

RAW

RAW refers to a family of raw image formats that are options available on some digital cameras. These formats usually use a lossless or nearly-lossless compression, and produce file sizes much smaller than the TIFF formats of full-size processed images from the same cameras. Although there is a standard raw image format, (ISO 12234-2, TIFF/EP), the raw formats used by most cameras are not standardized or documented, and differ among camera manufacturers. Many graphic programs and image editors may not accept some or all of them, and some older ones have been effectively orphaned already. Adobe's Digital Negative (DNG) specification is an attempt at standardizing a raw image format to be used by cameras, or for archival storage of image data converted from undocumented raw image formats, and is used by several niche and minority camera manufacturers including Pentax, Leica, and Samsung. The raw image formats of more than 230 camera models, including those from manufacturers with the largest market shares such as Canon, Nikon, Sony, and Olympus, can be converted to DNG. DNG was based on ISO 12234-2, TIFF/EP, and ISO's revision of TIFF/EP is reported to be adding Adobe's modifications and developments made for DNG into profile 2 of the new version of the standard.
As far as videocameras are concerned, ARRI's Arriflex D-20 and D-21 cameras provide raw 3K-resolution sensor data with Bayern pattern as still images (one per frame) in a proprietary format (.ari file extension). Red Digital Cinema Camera Company, with its Mysterium sensor family of still and video cameras, uses its proprietary raw format called REDCODE (.R3D extension), which stores still as well as audio+video information in one lossy-compressed file.

PNG

The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as the free, open-source successor to the GIF. The PNG file format supports truecolor (16 million colors) while the GIF supports only 256 colors. The PNG file excels when the image has large, uniformly colored areas. The lossless PNG format is best suited for editing pictures, and the lossy formats, like JPG, are best for the final distribution of photographic images, because JPG files are smaller than PNG files. Many older browsers currently do not support the PNG file format, however, with Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer 7, all contemporary web browsers now support all common uses of the PNG format, including full 8-bit translucency (Internet Explorer 7 may display odd colors on translucent images ONLY when combined with IE's opacity filter). The Adam7-interlacing allows an early preview, even when only a small percentage of the image data has been transmitted.
PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF and can also replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel.
PNG is designed to work well in online viewing applications, such as the World Wide Web, so it is fully streamable with a progressive display option. PNG is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors. Also, PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data for improved color matching on heterogeneous platforms.
Some programs do not handle PNG gamma correctly, which can cause the images to be saved or displayed darker than they should be.^[3]
Animated formats derived from PNG are MNG and APNG. The latter is supported by Firefox and Opera and is backwards compatible with PNG.

GIF

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is limited to an 8-bit palette, or 256 colors. This makes the GIF format suitable for storing graphics with relatively few colors such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos and cartoon style images. The GIF format supports animation and is still widely used to provide image animation effects. It also uses a lossless compression that is more effective when large areas have a single color, and ineffective for detailed images or dithered images.

BMP

The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphics files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, hence they are large; the advantage is their simplicity and wide acceptance in Windows programs.

PPM, PGM, PBM, PNM

Netpbm format is a family including the portable pixmap file format (PPM), the portable graymap file format (PGM) and the portable bitmap file format (PBM). These are either pure ASCII files or raw binary files with an ASCII header that provide very basic functionality and serve as a lowest-common-denominator for converting pixmap, graymap, or bitmap files between different platforms. Several applications refer to them collectively as the PNM format (Portable Any Map).

Others

Other image file formats of raster type include:

• TGA (TARGA)
• ILBM (InterLeaved BitMap)
• PCX (Personal Computer eXchange)
• ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet)
• IMG (ERDAS IMAGINE Image)
• SID (multiresolution seamless image database, MrSID)
• CD5 (Chasys Draw Image)
• FITS (Flexible Image Transport System)
• PGF (Progressive Graphics File)

Vector formats

See also: Vector graphics

As opposed to the raster image formats above (where the data describes the characteristics of each individual pixel), vector image formats contain a geometric description which can be rendered smoothly at any desired display size.
Vector file formats can contain bitmap data as well. 3D graphic file formats are technically vector formats with pixel data texture mapping on the surface of a vector virtual object, warped to match the angle of the viewing perspective.
At some point, all vector graphics must be rasterized in order to be displayed on digital monitors. However, vector images can be displayed with analog CRT technology such as that used in some electronic test equipment, medical monitors, radar displays, laser shows and early video games. Plotters are printers that use vector data rather than pixel data to draw graphics.

CGM

CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is a file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics, and text, and is defined by ISO/IEC 8632. All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source file that can be compiled into a binary file or one of two text representations. CGM provides a means of graphics data interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF.

SVG

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open standard created and developed by the World Wide Web Consortium to address the need (and attempts of several corporations) for a versatile, scriptable and all-purpose vector format for the web and otherwise. The SVG format does not have a compression scheme of its own, but due to the textual nature of XML, an SVG graphic can be compressed using a program such as gzip. Because of its scripting potential, SVG is a key component in web applications: interactive web pages that look and act like applications.

Others

Other image file formats of vector type include:

• EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
• ODG (OpenDocument Graphics)
• PDF (Portable Document Format)
• PGML (Precision Graphics Markup Language)
• SWF (shockwave Flash)
• VML (Vector Markup Language)
• WMF / EMF (Windows Metafile / Enhanced Metafile)
• XPS (XML Paper Specification)

3D Formats

PNS

The PNG Stereo (.pns) format consists of a side-by-side image based on PNG (Portable Network Graphics).

JPS

The JPEG Stereo (.jps) format consists of a side-by-side image format based on JPEG.

MPO

Also known as a Multi-Picture Object or Multi-Picture Format, the MPO file format was first used in the FinePix REAL 3D W1 camera, made by FujiFilm. The format is proposed as an open standard by CIPA (Camera & Imaging Products Association) as CIPA DC-007-2009. It contains multiple JPEG images with respective thumbnails and metadata.

Dan yang terakhir.. perbedaan NTSC, PAL, dan SECAM

N T S C National Television System Committee
Lines/Field	525/60
Horizontal Frequency	15.734 kHz
Vertical Frequency	60 Hz
Color Subcarrier Frequency	3.579545 MHz
Video Bandwidth	4.2 MHz
Sound Carrier	4.5 MHz

P A L Phase Alternating Line
SYSTEM	PAL	PAL N	PAL M
Line/Field	625/50	625/50	525/60
Horizontal Freq.	15.625 kHz	15.625 kHz	15.750 kHz
Vertical Freq.	50 Hz	50 Hz	60 Hz
Color Sub Carrier	4.433618 MHz	3.582056 MHz	3.575611 MHz
Video Bandwidth	5.0 MHz	4.2 MHz	4.2 MHz
Sound Carrier	5.5 MHz	4.5 MHz	4.5 MHz

SECAM Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire or Sequential Color with Memory
SYSTEM	SECAM B,G,H	SECAM D,K,K1,L
Line/Field	625/50	625/50
Horizontal Frequency	15.625 kHz	15.625 kHz
Vertical Frequency	50 Hz	50 Hz
Video Bandwidth	5.0 MHz	6.0 MHz
Sound Carrier	5.5 MHz	6.5 MHz

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