Phylum PLATYHELMINYHES

Overview of the theory :
                Phylum Platyhelminthes including Acoelomata section , which is the first group of animals showed the formation of three basic layers are mesodermis . The existence of the embryo mesodermis is what allows the formation of most of the organ systems in the animal group and the next group of animals .
Platyhelminthes flukes that are generally flat -bodied it is often called flatworms and a worm that has bilateral symmetry . Platyhelminthes have soft bodies and ciliated epidermis . Tripoblastik flatworms are animals that have no body cavity ( acoelomata ) .

Usually live in fresh water , sea water , and the soil moist . There is also live as parasites in animals and humans . This parasitic worm cuticle layer and cilia have lost as adults . These animals have a vacuum that may be accompanied by a hook to stick . Flatworms do not have a circulatory system and respiratory system . While the digestive system is not perfect , no anus .
Platyhelminthes are divided into four classes based on their structure .
1 . Class turbellarian ( vibrating hair worm )
2 . KelasTrematoda ( worms suction )
3 . Class Cestoda ( tapeworms )
4 . class Monogenea

Examples of animals that includes turbellarian is planaria , Bipalium , Geoplana . Live in freshwater planarians , Bipalium and Geoplana live in the soil .
Class Trematodes are parasitic animals , do not have eyes except the larvae , not bercilia except the larvae , have cuticle anterior to the mouth , farinks not muscular , no anus , colon berbentu fork , has a sucker , a hermaphrodite , having yellow glands .
Cestoda is a hermaphrodite animals , have no means of digestion of food , is an animal endoparasites in vertebrate animals , or larvae in muscle tissue in the body space arthropod animals , or vertebrates Molusca , no ciliary body skin but contains cuticle and the body consists of a head ( scolex ) , Strobila the neck and jointed - books , in which the posterior part of the bar full of ripe eggs .
Platihelminthes is one of the phylum Vermes who generally have gastrovasikuler that functions as digestion and also as a means of transport , except at Cestoda not have a gut . Using skin breathe .
Pathology and clinical symptoms occurred since the larvae enter kesaluran bile until it becomes an adult. These parasites can cause irritation of the bile duct and the duct wall thickening . In addition , changes may occur in the form of inflammation of the liver tissue of liver cells . In circumstances may arise further liver cirrhosis with ascites and edema . The extent of organ damage depends on the number of worms found bile duct and duration of infection .
Symptoms of the disease are usually on stage fasioliasis mild symptoms was not found . Progressive stage characterized by decreased appetite , stomach feels full , diarrhea and liver enlargement . At an advanced stage of portal hypertension syndrome obtained consisting of enlarged liver , jaundice , ascites , and hepatic cirrhosis .



Some types of worms that can infect the human liver are as follows :
a. Opisthorchis sinensis ( Chinese liver flukes ) adult worms live in the human liver . The intermediary host is water snails and fish .
b . Schistosoma japonicum . These worms live in the blood vessels of the human digestive tract pad . Humans are the primary host , but also can become infected animals such as rats , dogs , pigs , and cows . The intermediary host is amphibious snails .
c . Oncomelania hupensis . This worm causes schistosomiasis disease characterized by fever , anemia , diarrhea , weight loss , and swelling of the liver .
d . Paragonimus westermani . These worms live in the human lung . The intermediary host is the freshwater shrimp .

phylum Platyhelminthes

1 . General Characteristics
a. Definition
Platyhelminthes is derived from the Greek language , from the word Platy = flat and helminthes = worm . So it means pipih.Tubuh flat -bodied worms dorsoventral not jointed - books , bilateral symmetry , and can be distinguished between the anterior and posterior ends . Body layer is composed of 3 layers ( triploblastik aselomata ) ie ectoderm will develop into skin , mesoderm will develop into muscle - muscles and some organs of the body and endoderm will evolve into a tool digestion of food .
Phylum Platyhelminthes consists of about 13,000 species , divided into three classes , two of which are parasitic and free-living . Planaria and relatives are grouped as class turbellarian . Hookworms are internal or external parasites of Class Trematodes . Tapeworms are internal parasites of the class Cestoda
b . Body Structure
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c . All members of this phylum form of bilateral symmetry and has a head section . Already have three layers of the body ; ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm . Type of body cavity including berbetuk acoelomata bag with a hole . Mesoderm layer of muscle dam raises breeding organs . Free-living adult animals have had muscle , nerve fibers and digestive organs but did not have the respiratory and circulatory systems .


Such as planarian flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity branching points as well as the extracellular digestion distribute nutrients throughout the body . Gas exchange by diffusion through the skin . Platyhelminthes has had a spending system that also serves as osmo - regulatory system .

Flatworms have a rope - ladder nervous system is composed of pairs that make up the brain dihunungkan ganglion through nerve cells to the sensory cells in the body layer Phylum Platyhelminthes are parasites such as hookworms and tapeworms characterized with the following modifications :
a) The loss of the head forming pads hooked head and berpenghisap to attach themselves to the host .
b ) extensive development of the reproductive system coincides with the loss of other systems .
c ) The loss of nervous system development and gastrovaskular good .
d ) Develop a system that protects their skin from the digestive fluids of the host .

2 . classification
a. turbellarian
Class turbellarian including freshwater planarians as dugesia small organisms that feed or remain as a small creature . Planarians arrowhead -shaped head , with an extra side as sensing the presence of food or other organisms .
Flatworms have two spots of light -sensitive eyes , has eye pigment so it seems like a cross . The existence of three layers of muscle can make a variety of motion .
Gland cells secrete mucus material for these animals can glide . Cell has fire as excretory system consisting of a series of kana - interconnected channels along both longitudinal sides of his body .
Flame cell is a bubble -shaped cells contain cilia tuft and there is a hole in the center of the bubble . The flame cells for excretion and serves both osmotic adjustment .
Planarians reproduce asexually by fragmentation of the body that is able to regenerate a new individual , and hermaphrodite sexual nature .

b . trematodes
Classes include hookworms Trematodes ( flukes ) either in the blood , liver and lungs .
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Hookworms do not have a head , but has a suction mouth . Digestive system , nervous system and exhaust system are less well developed but their reproductive system though hermaphrodites .
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c . Cestodes
Class Cestoda consists of the tapeworm . Part pangait and scolex has suckers that enable them to adhere to the intestinal wall of the host . Below are skolex short neck and a long rope proglottid , where each proglottid contains a full set of male and female sex organs and other structures .
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Seteleh fertilization , the eggs cook proglottid into a bag , and then broke out with feces . If these eggs are ingested by pigs or cattle , larvae become sistiserkus in the host muscle . If humans eat pork or beef cooked infected is not perfect , then people will be infected with this worm .
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3 . role
Platyhelminthes role in life :
a. Planarians be one food for another organism .
b . Liver flukes and tapeworms are parasitic in humans .





Observations and Discussion
Morphology and Anatomy planaria
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Morphology and Anatomy Fasiola hepatica
Fasciola - hepatica
discussion
1 . Liver fluke ( Fasciola hepatica )
a. morphology
Fasciola hepatica , measuring about 0.2 mm to 6 cm , which has a bilaterally symmetrical body , and his body is flattened dorsoventral . Body size varies from microscopic seemed a length of a few millimeters to tens of meters . Heartworms have oral vacuum commonly found around the mouth and a vacuum in the middle or posterior ventral . Vacuum serves as a tool tacks on the host , not to suck food . The body was not covered but the epidermis is protected tegumen cytoplasmic syncytium layer . Reproduction and life cycle is very complex due to the presence of two or more kinds of host . One as the primary host and the parasite's life where one lives as an intermediary host where the parasite larvae .
b . anatomy
In anatomy , Fasciola hepatica consists of the pharynx that is located at the base of the oral , this worm has no anus and the excretion in the form of flame cells , while pharing not muscular .
Tegumen or members cuticle layer of protection against the effects of digestive enzymes . Endoparasites dense tegument helps absorb glucose and amino acids . In addition there arterium that is located under the penis and esofangus . In addition , there is a uterus , seminal vasikula , ovary and oviduct in these animals .
c . habitat
Fasciola hepatica is an endoparasitic animals on animal liver of cattle or sheep , the larvae are abundant in the foot snails .
d . classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Platihelminthes
Class : Trematodes
Order : Echinostomiformes
Family : Fasioldae
Genus : Fasciola
Species : Fasciola hepatica

2 . planarians
a. morphology
As with his other life , planaria have a morphology section . And long oval shape , flat dorsoventral and does not have a true segment . The head there is a bulge , shape or widening tentacles side of the head , called the auricle . Body color is usually black , brown , or gray , and red . Measuring 0.5 mm to 60 cm , but generally 10 mm .
The digestive system consists of mouth , pharynx and gastrovaskular cavity , called enteron or intestines , no anus . Intestinal wall consists of over phagosit cells and glands . The mouth is located on the ventral surface of the body on one line just anterior posterior . Planarians including carnivorous and eat a variety of small invertebrates and more .
b . anatomy
In the anatomy of the body covered in the ventral epidermis and contains cilia function to creep . In the epidermal layer of cells there are many glands and small sticks called rhabdoid . Gland cells produce mucus to attach , wrap prey , and as a slime trail when crawling . Gland cells are also found in mesakel ( parenchyma ) , and has a small channel to penetrate the epidermis . Below the epidermis there is a circular muscle fibers , longitudinal , diagonal and dorsoventral . Rhabdite serves as a means of defense or crushed form mucous membrane wraps herself .
c . habitat
Planarians is a free-living animals with different habitats , ranging from slow to fast-flowing waters in the lake waters and covered by leaves or rocks .
d . classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Playhelminthes
Class : turbellarian
Order : Tridadida
Family : Palmudikola
Genus : Euplanaria
Species : sp Euplanaria

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